Resumo em Português:

Realizou-se um estudo sobre a associação entre infecção leishmaniótica e a ocupação dos indivíduos em Lençóis-Bahia (Brasil). Foram utilizados um questionário com variáveis biológicas, sociais e econômicas e o teste de Montenegro. Houve captura de flebotomíneos em locais peri e intra-domiciliares. Encontrou-se maior prevalência da infecção no grupo ocupacional de lavradores/garimpeiros em comparação às demais ocupações. Explica-se esse resultado em razão da dupla exposição dos lavradores/garimpeiros à leishmaniose tegumentar americana, em sua área de moradia e local de trabalho.

Resumo em Inglês:

This study was carried out in the city of Lençóis, State of Bahia, with the objective of verifying the association between leishmaniasis infection and occupation. A Montenegro test and a questionnaire including biological and socio-economic variables were applied to the study group. Sandflies were captured in and around dwellings. The higher-than-average prevalence of leishmaniasis observed among agricultural workers and prospectors is explained by the double exposure to the infection-both at home and at work.

Resumo em Português:

Apresentam-se novos dados sobre a identificação do sangue ingerido por culicídeos ingurgitados e coletados em quatro localidades do Vale do Ribeira, Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), no período de fevereiro a novembro de 1986, e que já tinham sido sede de observações anteriores. São fornecidos dados sobre a distribuição de algumas espécies relacionadas ao tipo de ambiente. Focalizam-se Ae. scapularis e representantes de Culex (Melanoconion), principalmente Cx. ribeirensis e Cx. sacchettae. Foi possível a identificação de 651 repastos sangüíneos. Confirmou-se a preferência de Ae. scapularis por mamíferos de grande porte representados por bovinos, eqüinos e o próprio homem, tendo reagido a todos os anti-soros testados, com exceção do correspondente a animais de sangue frio representados por anfíbio. Cx. ribeirensis revelou resultados que sugerem possível preferência por mamíferos. As duas espécies supracitadas mostram tendência nítida para adaptação ao ambiente modificado pelo homem e capacidade de evolução de seus hábitos de possível domiciliação. Quanto aos outros culicídeos, as coletas de An. bellator, An. cruzii e Cq. chrysonotum limitaram-se à isca humana que a segunda dessas espécies rendeu 31,6% do total de fêmeas capturadas.

Resumo em Inglês:

New results on blood-meal identification and the environmental distribution of mosquitoes collected in four different Ribeira Valley (S. Paulo State, Brazil) environments, during the period February to November 1986, are presented. Sources of 651 blood-meals were identified. The preference of Ae. scapularis for large mammals, chiefly cattle, horse and even man, was confirmed. Data suggests that a similar behavioral pattern is presented by Cx. ribeirensis. Both mosquitoes seem to be strongly attracted by peridomiciliar blood sources represented by domestic animals sheltered in that environment. Nevertheless, the female of Ae. scapularis females may use the extradomiciliary environment, represented by residual forests, as resting place in the same way as it uses the peridomiciliary one. The data confirm the clear tendency of both Ae. scapularis and Cx. ribeirensis to adapt to the man-made environment and thus the evolution towards domiciliation in the behavior of these mosquitoes. Other culicids, such as An. bellator, An. cruzii and Cq. chrysonotum, were collected practically only by the use of human bait. For An. cruzii the number of females collected by this method represented 31.6% of the female total collected during this project. Some data about other species are given, and the need for further researches about Culex (Melanoconion) species is emphasized.

Resumo em Português:

É discutido o valor do rastreamento sorológico para doença de Chagas, sífilis, hepatite B e AIDS realizado por bancos de sangue como indicador de morbidade populacional. Foram analisados os dados referentes a 62.814 doações de sangue obtidas em dois bancos de sangue públicos e três privados correspondendo ao total das doações no período de outubro de 1985 a outubro de 1987 em Goiânia, Goiás (Brasil). A soroprevalência foi comparada com dados obtidos pela notificação compulsória das doenças e com inquéritos epidemiológicos disponíveis. Foi encontrada soroprevalência para AIDS de 0,0@% para um único exame de ELISA, estimando-se em 1.900 o número de indivíduos supostamente infectados em Goiás, número compatível com o esperado quando se trabalha com dados de notificação. Para a doença de Chagas, hepatite B e sífilis foram observadas soroprevalências de até 3,3%, 1,3% e 4,1%, respectivamente. Foram discutidas as dificuldades encontradas para validação desses resultados pela ausência de notificação compulsória e características particulares dos inquéritos sorológicos.

Resumo em Inglês:

Screening tests of 62,814 blood donations carried out between October 85 and October 87 in all five blood banks of Goiânia, Central Brazil, were analysed. The private institutions (3 blood banks) collected 80% of all donations and the remaining were collected by public blood banks. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBsAg, Chagas' disease and syphilis were compared with data obtained in the surveillance system and from previous surveys in an attempt to validate this source of health information. A seroprevalence of 0.07% for AIDS (one ELISA test) was calculated, which may suggest the presence of 1900 infected individuals, in the population of the State of Goiás as a whole. This figure seems reasonably close to the official data obtained by compulsory notification. For Chagas' disease, hepatitis B and syphilis seroprevalence of 3.3%, 1.3% and 4.1% were obtained, respectively. The potential usefulness and the limitations of screening in blood banks as a source of realible morbidity indicator is discussed.

Resumo em Português:

No estudo de população constituída de 3.792 indivíduos, procurou-se caracterizar o estado dos níveis lipêmicos, segundo sexo, idade e a presença ou ausência de fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares, expressos pelo hábito de fumar, obesidade, antecedentes diabéticos e uso de contraceptivos orais. Os indivíduos que não apresentaram nenhuma patologia e qualquer dos fatores de risco considerados foram denominados "isentos". Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância constatando-se que a obesidade apresentou-se como o fator de risco mais relevante, para todos os grupos etários de ambos os sexos. Entretanto, para as mulheres encontraram-se diferenças menores, embora significantes, ao se comparar as médias dos níveis séricos lipêmicos, entre "isentas" e portadoras de fatores de risco. Para o grupo etário acima de 50 anos, sexo feminino, os níveis lipêmicos foram altos independentemente dos fatores de risco abordados.

Resumo em Inglês:

An attempt was made to caracterize lipemic levels according to sex, age and presence or absence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, in a population of 3,792 people between the ages of 20 and 59, in terms of smoking habits, obesity, family history of diabetes and use of oral contraceptives. Those individuals who did not present any of the risk factors mentioned were classified as "exempt". After submitting the data to variance analysis it was found that: - for men between 20 and 49 years of age there were high significant differences in the averages obtained for the seric levels of total lipids, triglycerides and total cholesterol between "exempt" and obese and "exempt" and obese with a family history of diabetes; - for the 50 to 59 age group there were significant differences in the average of the values corresponding to the seric levels of total lipids between "exempt" and those individuals in whom obesity appeared associated with smoking habits or associated with a family history of diabetes. The averages obtained for seric triglycerides were significantly different between "exempt" and non-obese with a family history of diabetes, obese, obese smokers and obese with a family history of diabetes. On the other hand, the averages relating to seric levels of total cholesterol were different, at significant levels, between "exempt" and obese smokers; - the risk represented by the smoking habit showed no relevance with regard to the lipemic levels in any group except for that of men between 30 and 39 years of age. In their case, there were significant differences between the averages obtained for the seric levels of total lipids, triglycerides and total cholesterol, between "exempt" and smokers and between "exempt" and obese smokers. It is to be noted that the differences obtained with regard to the averages relating to lipemic levels as between "exempt" and obese were less those obtained between "exempt" and obese smokers, thus showing the possible relevance of the risk presented by the smoking habit; - among the women there were less accentuated differences in the averages corresponding to the lipemic levels as between "exempt" and those who presented one or more risk factors. Thus, for the age group from 20 to 29 there were significant differences in the averages obtained for total lipids as between "exempt" and obese. The averages of the serie levels of total cholesterol were significantly different as between "exempt" and obese and between "exempt" and obese with a family history of diabetes, irrespective of their smoking; - for the age group from 30 to 39, there were significant differences in the averages obtained for the serie levels of triglycerides as between "exempt" and obese. The averages relating to serie levels of total cholesterol were significantly different as between "exempt" and obese and between "exempt" and those who used oral contraceptives; - for the age group between 50 and 59, the lipemic levels were high, especially those of total cholesterol, for all groups, irrespective of risk factors; - for all age groups, of both sexes, obesity was the most important risk factor.

Resumo em Português:

Foi realizado estudo sobre a incidência de contaminação por micoplasma em 29 tipos de linhagens celulares pertencentes a sete laboratórios de instituições particulares, oficiais e de ensino superior. Utilizando o método de cultivo direto e oito passagens seriadas em meios específicos, líquido e sólido, verificou-se que, do total de 106 amostras, 48 apresentaram-se contaminadas por micoplasma (45,28%), o que constitui elevado índice de contaminação. O fato indica que testes periódicos para a determinação da presença de micoplasma nas culturas em utilização é recomendável e que as culturas contaminadas devem ser eliminadas para evitar a disseminação do microrganismo. Outras medidas preventivas devem ser adotadas, como a eliminação da pipetagem bucal, execução de técnicas assépticas mais estritas no manuseio das células, controle dos soros de origem animal, da tripsina e de outros componentes dos meios de cultura utilizados em cultura celular. O estudo mostrou que, ao invés das oito passagens seriadas propostas inicialmente, cinco foram suficientes para a detecção dos micoplasmas, o que representa economia de tempo e de materiais de custo elevado, reduzindo de 848 para 530 o número de passagens e a duração do teste, de oito para cinco semanas.

Resumo em Inglês:

Mycoplasma is one of the most serious contaminants of cell cultures. Its detection is very important in virology, as well as its eradication. The aim of this study was to verify the incidence of mycoplasma in cell lines maintained in seven laboratories of private, government and college institutions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, for the purposes of research, production of reagents for diagnosis and production of biologicals for human and animal use. Of the 29 cell lines, eight were derived from human tissues and 21 from other animal species (dog, rabbit, mouse, hamster, monkey, pig, chicken and ox). Using the direct method with specific liquid and solid media for detection of mycoplasma, 48 out of the 106 cell samples tested were positive, corresponding to a contamination index of 45.28%. The incidence of contamination among the 35 cell samples of human origin was 51.43% (18 positive). Of the 71 samples originated from other species, 30 were positive (42.25%). The high incidence of contamination found calls for the adoption of measures for the prevention of this hazard: the elimination of mouth pipetting, the use of aseptic techniques and a rigid control of trypsin, serum and other components of cell culture media. The substitution of mycoplasma-free cultures for all contaminated ones and the performance of periodical tests for mycoplasma detection must also be carried out to prevent and avoid the dissemination of these organisms. Data obtained showed that contamination appeared in the 2nd (72.92%), in the 3rd (20.83%) and in the 4th passage (6.25%). By using this technique, five passages are sufficient to detect mycoplasma and allow a safety margin, thus shortening the length of the test, saving reagents and providing satisfactory and reliable results. If a similar study were carried out establishing five as the number of serial passages for each mycoplasma detection test, the original number of passages would be reduced from 848 to 530 and the time spent on the test would be reduced from eight weeks to five.